Banazir Bhutto بینظیر بھٹو

 CIE  Topic:

Banazir Bhutto بینظیر بھٹو 

from 1988-90 and 1993-96

Expected Questions:
Q) What was the result of elections 1988?

After Zia's death, the democratic socialists and secular parties re-united and campaigned under the Pakistan Peoples Party's platform led by Benazir Bhutto. The Pakistan Peoples Party campaign pledged to control and tackle theextremism in Pakistan, and as well as curb the power of the trade unions. The conservatives under Nawaz Sharif on other hand campaigned upon expanding the industrialization and privatization program; the liberals Muttahida Qaumi Movement (MQM) boycotted the elections.The result was a victory for the Pakistan People's Party, which won 94 of the 207 seats. Voter turnout was 43.5%.In light of these results, the acting President Ghulam Ishaq Khan invited the PPP to form a government. The PPP formed the Government making alliances with small parties and independent groups. On 4 December 1988, Benazir Bhutto was elected as the first female Prime Minister of a Muslim country. The new Cabinet, headed by Prime Minister was subsequently announced. Benazir Bhutto became the eleventh Prime minister, and Sharif took the office of Leader of Opposition in 1988.
Courtesy Dawn Newspaperhttp://www.dawn.com/news/801774/an-overview-of-1988-general-elections-triumph-but-no-glory

An overview of 1988 general elections: Triumph but no glory

TAHIR MEHDI — PUBLISHED APR 11, 2013

On Aug 13, 1988, Gen Ziaul Haq reiterated that the coming elections would be held on a non-party basis.

Earlier, in June, the Supreme Court (SC) had accepted Benazir Bhutto’s constitutional petition declaring non-party elections a violation of the fundamental right to freedom of association. The decision implied that the country would return to the party-based electoral system but the general vowed to resist. He was killed in a plane crash four days later.His death, however, did not undo the changes that he had made in the country’s electoral and governance system. It is unfair to club all of these together as just the 8th Amendment. That misrepresents the numerous and sweeping changes he introduced, defacing the 1973 Constitution beyond recognition. Instead of a thriving parliamentary democracy, it now stood for non-party elections on the basis of a separate electorate to give birth to a parliament that was allowed only to play second fiddle to a president who drew legitimacy from the fact that he was the head of the army.The political discourse of the decade following the general’s death is a story of the struggle to bring the system back to normalcy. The 1988 general elections were the first major step in this direction.Ms Bhutto went to court again to secure an order to make elections party-based and the government finally accepted this on Sept 16, two months before polling day. She had dominated the political landscape since her return to the country in April 1986. Martial law had been lifted on Dec 30, 1985, after the non-party parliament and the government of the then prime minister, Mohammad Khan Junejo, had provided constitutional cover to all of Gen Zia’s acts since July 5, 1977. The restoration of the amended constitution offered very little space for political activities. The Junejo government was being suffocated by the overbearing general whose obsession with power was turning into paranoia. Mr Junejo’s manoeuvres stretched Gen Ziaul Haq’s patience to its limits in May 1988, when the latter turned the tables on the elected government using the constitutional tool of Article 58(2b), which he had himself fashioned. With Mr Junejo gone, the military government came face to face with the PPP of Benazir Bhutto.The geopolitical leverage from which the military regime had benefited over the past decade was disappearing fast. A dejected Soviet army had started pulling out of Afghanistan in May 1988.One of the military establishment’s main strategies to contain the rise of the PPP was to unite everyone who had anything against the latter under one umbrella. The Islami Jamhoori Ittehad (IJI) was thus an alliance of those who had benefited from the military rule.The main components of the IJI were the Muslim League and the Jamaat-i-Islami (JI). The Muslim League was dominated by the affluent middle class of central Punjab while the JI was its ideologue. The National People’s Party of Ghulam Mustafa Jatoi, the Jamiat Ulema-i-Islam of Sami-ul-Haq (JUI-S) and the Jamiat Ahle Hadith of Maulana Lakhvi were worth around a single seat each in the parliament.The other components had no direct electoral significance. Some were probably added just to bring the total to nine that was the same as the Pakistan National Alliance (PNA) of 1977. The PNA had contested against Zulfikar Ali Bhutto’s party and lost, but subsequent protests by the alliance had culminated in the imposition of martial law.Yet the IJI was not the only challenge the PPP had to face. A number of changes in laws and procedures introduced into the electoral system obstructed the free and fair character of elections.The new electoral rolls prepared in 1987 had 40 per cent more voters than the ones used for the non-party elections of 1985 (32.5 million in 1985 compared to 47.9 million in 1987). This should have resulted in a higher voter turnout in polling stations. But the then president Ghulam Ishaq Khan made it mandatory, through an ordinance, for voters to present an identity card. The Lahore High Court declared the rule void but the SC ruled in its favour on November 12, four days before the polling. The poor and the marginalised who formed the biggest part of the PPP vote bank were also the ones who did not possess an identity card. The population census conducted in 1998 showed that half of the country’s women and a third of its men did not have an identity card; one small amendment in the rules disenfranchised millions of people. It is now no secret that the presidency also housed a cell that manipulated election results.Despite the odds, Ms Bhutto triumphed. Her party won 93 seats and polled 38.5 per cent of the vote, becoming the single largest party. Her 7.5 million votes were almost a quarter more than the 6.1 million votes secured by Z.A. Bhutto’s PPP in 1970. More importantly, the party won seats and polled substantial percentages of the votes in Balochistan and what is now Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, where it had no presence earlier. The centre-right and far-right alliance consolidated its vote bank under the banner of IJI. Their 5.9 million votes translated into 54 seats in the National Assembly but, more importantly, the alliance won a majority in Punjab and formed government there.Their success in Punjab stole the shine from the PPP’s victory at the federal level.

The Mughals-Reasons of Decline

REASONS OF DECLINE :

A:  Era of Aurangzeb

1. Anti-Hindu Policies-Ban on Sattee, especially Jizya tax
2. Empire expansion policy
3. Absence from the Capital for around 25 years (due to different rebel challenges esp from Maratha's)
4. Nobels became corrupt due to Aurangzeb's absence from the federal capital Delhi- started corruption in the collection of revenue later becoming powerful announced Independence from the Mughal Empire
5. Heavy Economical taxes to earn maximum for the Treasury
6. Promotion/Implementation of Islam (forcefully)-ban on singing and dance , Fixing length of beard
7. Rebel from Marathas, Jats and Satnamis
8. Large Army (heavy expenditure on the maintenance and supplies)
9. 
   
10. Mansabdari (revenue collection) System became corrupt-Absence affected the administration of Government
11. Bankruptcy due to continuous warfare
12. Loss of Military expertise with time due to continuous warfare.
13. Lack of quick communication service due the long distance to reach the desired destination-delayed the process of quick and effective action
14. Aurangzeb's Government did heavy expenditure on warfare and art and architecture instead of investing money in the development of science and technology-e.g.:construction of Pearl Mosque
15. The British who came as traders trying to take advantage of the poor administration of Aurangzeb's govt. -introduced their named coins (currency)- later, this British rebel was crushed by Aurangzeb- the British had to pay later as compensation to Aurangzeb.

B:    After Aurangzeb

1. Old aged Successors of Aurangzeb- Aurangzeb was 85 years old when died.
2. Incompetent and pleasure seeking/loving successors 
3. War of succession continued for long
4. Effect on treasury of the long wars of succession
5. Corrupt Nobels announced Independence from the Mughal empire
6. British traders became quite established by this time with the more in stable administration of poor , incompetent successors of Aurangzeb. 
7. Foreign Invaders like Nadir Shah - sacked Delhi- took the Peacock throne with him.

C: The British East India Company-BEIC

BEIC logo

A record of EIC (trade) "receiving " receipt 

Mughal emperor Shah Alam hands a scroll to Robert Clive, transferring tax collecting rights (Diwani) to EIC

EIC trade at harbor site

British officer in the local Nawab 's court

1. The British East India Company with time grew very large and strong.
2. BEIC was superior/strong in both arm and naval forces compared to their local and other European trade rivals like dutch Portuguese and French.
3. Took advantage of in stable and weak Govt of Mughals.
4. Helped the local Corrupt and power luster Nobels to rebel against Aurangzeb through Subsidiary Alliances.
5. After the siege of Delhi ,successfully took control of the capital and put the Mughal king under British protectorate .Hence became more and more power .

padshahnama-detail-wall1

Tahmasp,_Humayun_Meeting

Students of 2013-14 will going to appear in the 2015 CIE  May/June session.
As the CIE Paper Pattern has been change,hence there would be a few new techniques to know about.

First of All

1. Go through the new Syllabus for 2015.To show that a certain topic is excluded from the Syllabus, you will find a black bar on right or left side of the text. (click on the given address below)

• http://www.ziddu.com/download/22359158/2059_y15_sy.pdf.html.

• 2. Now Go Through the specimen Paper provided by the CIE to Know the specific change in the Pattern

(click on the given address below)

• http://www.ziddu.com/download/22359001/2059_y15_sp_1.pdf.htm

• 3. you can see the instructions on the cover page, showing the major CHANGES in the paper pattern now
• question no. 1 is now compulsory to attempt with all its four part in SECTION A
• maximum marks for this question is 25 still, only the number of parts has been increased ( i.e.a,b,c and d) 
• SECTION B consist of four question but you have to choose only two out these four questions

• 
  
  
  
  
  Now let us open the paper and go through Q 1:
  
  
  
  
  

Part a required information only referring to the photograph "Source A" only.This mean that you are not suppose to write anything out of the context give or in other words ONLY from the SOURCE A.

ANS 1a) disorganized, dishearted , low moral, despondency                                   (3 marks)

ANS 1b) Refer only to Source B, Do not write anything of your own knowledge. Whatever you "see in the Source ",  write only that---  crowd , desperate to get into the train, urgency to take place anywhere in the train,people even taking up space on the roof 

ANS 1 c) Write three reasons for Pakistan joining UN in 1947

ANS 1 d) Write three reasons and discuss in detail.

Q5 

rest of the paper is the same as before.

To have the better understanding you should visit the following sites:

www.xtremepapers.com/pakistanstudies/